Top 10 Countries With Highest Forex Reserves

Wikipedia list article

Foreign-exchange reserves, also called Forex reserves, are, in a strict sense, only foreign-currency deposits held by national central banks and monetary authorities (See List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves (excluding gold)). However, in popular usage and in the list below, it also includes gold reserves, special drawing rights (SDRs) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) reserve position because this total figure, which is usually more accurately termed as official reserves or international reserves or official international reserves, is more readily available and also arguably more meaningful.

These foreign-currency deposits are the financial assets of the central banks and monetary authorities that are held in different reserve currencies (e.g. the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese Yen, the Indian Rupee, the Swiss Franc and the Pound Sterling) and which are used to back its liabilities (e.g. the local currency issued and the various bank reserves deposited with the Central bank by the government or financial institutions). Before the end of the gold standard, gold was the preferred reserve currency. Some nations are converting foreign-exchange reserves into sovereign wealth funds, which can rival foreign-exchange reserves in size.

The list below is mostly based on the latest available IMF data, and while most nations report in U.S. dollars, a few nations in Eastern Europe report solely in Euros. And since all the figures below are in U.S. dollar equivalents, exchange rate fluctuations can have a significant impact on these figures.

Foreign exchange reserves [edit]

Rank [a]	Country or region	Foreign exchange reserves (millions of US$)	Figures as of	Change from previous data (millions of US$) weekly/monthly	Sources
1	China	3,373,016	September 2021	35,720	[1]
2	Japan	1,409,309	September 2021	14,975	[2]
3	Switzerland	1,087,774	August 2021	1,403	[3]
4	India	642,019	29 October 2021	1,919	[4] [b]
5	Russia	621,600	22 October 2021	1,300	[5] [c]
6	Taiwan	544,900	September 2021	1,320	[6] [d]
7	Hong Kong	497,000	August 2021	1,000	[7]
8	South Korea	464,000	September 2021	100	[8]
9	Saudi Arabia	454,498	August 2021	13,253	[9] [e]
10	Singapore	418,146	August 2021	10,410	[10]
11	Brazil	370,395	August 2021	14,724	[11]
12	Germany	296,727	August 2021	35,393	[12] [13]
13	Thailand	282,172	August 2021	2,442	[14]
14	United States	251,238	01 October 2021	1,146	[15] [f]
15	France	244,401	August 2021	26,127	[12] [16]
16	United Kingdom	229,943	September 2021	27,774	[17] [g]
17	Italy	226,908	August 2021	19,270	[12] [18]
18	Mexico	211,670	August 2021	11,205	[19]
19	Israel	205,912	August 2021	4.217	[20]
20	Czech Republic	170,398	September 2021	776	[21]
21	Poland	169,452	August 2021	6,427	[12] [22]
22	Indonesia	144,784	August 2021	7,441	[23]
23	Turkey	121,837	1 October 2021	4,037	[24] [h]
24	Malaysia	115,190	September 2021	1,089	[25]
25	United Arab Emirates	111,078	July 2021	314	[26]
26	Philippines	107,964	August 2021	813	[27]
27	Canada	106,270	October 2021	269	[28]
28	Vietnam	102,872	July 2021	2,084	[26]
29	Spain	91,106	September 2021	1,311	[12] [29]
30	Norway	88,058	August 2021	5,736	[12] [30]
31	Iran	86,000	February 2020		[31] [i]
32	Denmark	78,004	August 2021	3,648	[12] [32]
-	European Union (ECB)	85,602	August 2021	801	[33] [j]
33	Peru	75,560	6 Oct 2021	464	[12] [34]
34	Libya	73,788	November 2020	665	[26]
35	Algeria	60,914	October 2020	1,454	[26] [k]
36	Colombia	58,161	September 2021	124	[12]
37	Iraq	57,971	October 2020	1,092	[26]
38	South Africa	54,473	June 2021	334	[12]
39	Sweden	54,020	7 March 2021	1,345	[35] [l]
40	Netherlands	54,016	May 2021	2,677	[12] [36]
41	Romania	49,558	June 2021	715	[12]
42	Bangladesh	49,199	September 2021	1,861	[37]
43	Australia	47,847	April 2021	213	[38]
44	Kuwait	48,202	December 2020	753	[39] [m]
45	Chile	42,593	April 2021	2,373	[12]
46	Lebanon	42,347	November 2020	1,877	[26]
47	Qatar	40,978	December 2020	93	[26] [40]
48	Egypt	40,825	September 2021	1,348	[41]
49	Argentina	36,955	May 2021	1,621	[12]
50	Hungary	36,593	April 2021	933	[12] [42]
51	Nigeria	34,229	May 2021	652	[43] [n]
52	Kazakhstan	34,220	April 2021	714	[12]
53	Morocco	34,095	April 2021	420	[12]
54	Uzbekistan	33,027	May 2021	1,380	[44]
55	Bulgaria	32,881	April 2021	748	[12]
56	Belgium	31,762	April 2021	860	[12]
57	Ukraine	31,614	1 September 2021	2,656	[12]
58	Portugal	29,050	April 2021	2,391	[12]
59	Austria	28,513	April 2021	842	[12]
60	Macau	25,849	April 2021	819	[45]
61	Croatia	24,781	March 2021	1,132	[12]
62	Cambodia	20,938	April 2021	141	[26]
63	Turkmenistan	20,600	December 2017		[31]
64	Guatemala	18,807	April 2021	112	[12]
65	Oman	17,222	April 2021	586	[26]
66	Pakistan	17,199	29 October 2021	53	[46]
67	Serbia	16,986	April 2021	273	[26]
68	Jordan	16,568	April 2021	7	[12]
69	Uruguay	16,058	April 2021	227	[12] [47]
70	Angola	14,612	April 2021	391	[26]
71	New Zealand	14,606	April 2021	1,684	[12]
72	Finland	13,298	April 2021	251	[12] [48]
73	Cuba	12,800	31 December 2017		[31]
74	Dominican Republic	12,245	April 2021	71	[12]
75	Nepal	11,960	15 April 2021	310	[49]
76	Greece	10,895	February 2021	277	[12]
77	Paraguay	9,880	April 2021	199	[12]
78	Afghanistan	9,446	February 2021	60	[26]
79	Slovakia	9,305	May 2021	96	[12]
80	Tunisia	8,840	March 2021	290	[26]
81	Bosnia and Herzegovina	8,704	April 2021	516	[26]
82	Honduras	8,138	December 2020	46	[12]
83	North Korea	8,000	November 2013		[50]
84	Ireland	7,717	April 2021	3	[12]
85	Azerbaijan	7,689	March 2021	142	[26]
87	Kenya	7,510	3 June 2021	30	[51] [o]
88	Mauritius	7,461	April 2021	133	[12]
89	Ghana	7,403	March 2021	445	[26]
90	Trinidad and Tobago	7,293	August 2021	644	[52] [53]
91	Belarus	7,277	April 2021	337	[12]
92	Costa Rica	7,249	5 March 2021	47	[54]
93	Iceland	6,860	April 2021	74	[12]
94	Myanmar	6,700	2019	800	[55]
95	Venezuela	6,330	May 2020	2,200	[56]
96	Bolivia	5,578	October 2020	777	[12]
97	Latvia	5,404	April 2021	80	[12]
98	Botswana	5,080	February 2021	267	[26]
99	Tanzania	5,050	2018	500	[55]
100	North Macedonia	4,855	April 2021	231	[12]
101	Lithuania	4,848	December 2020	440	[12]
102	Albania	4,778	April 2021	19	[12]
103	Ivory Coast	4,688	30 December 2017		[31]
104	Jamaica	3,905	June 2020	300	[12]
105	Mozambique	3,888	2019		[55]
106	Georgia	3,776	October 2020	400	[12]
107	Mongolia	3,697	September 2020	300	[12]
108	Brunei	3,664	February 2021	98	[26]
109	Cameroon	3,459	2018		[55]
110	Moldova	3,453	September 2020	500	[12]
111	Panama	3,423	2019	400	[55]
112	Bahrain	3,415	29 February 2020		[ citation needed ]
113	Uganda	3,359	2018		[55]
114	Ecuador	3,228	August 2020	331	[57]
115	Ethiopia	2,993	2019		[55]
116	Armenia	2,990	June 2021	370	[58]
117	Kyrgyzstan	2,910	September 2020	700	[12]
118	Nicaragua	2,907	September 2020	700	[12]
119	Sri Lanka	2,800	September 2021	1,260	[12] [59] [60]
120	El Salvador	2,510	April 2021	62	[12]
121	Haiti	2,371	2018		[55]
122	Papua New Guinea	2,339	2019	500	[55]
123	Estonia	2,216	October 2020	900	[12]
124	Namibia	1,924	September 2020	25	[12]
125	Bahamas	1,758	2019		[55]
126	Madagascar	1,693	2019		[55]
127	Montenegro	1,529	2019		[55]
128	Mauritania	1,493	2020		[55]
129	Tajikistan	1,466	2019		[55]
130	Rwanda	1,465	2019		[55]
131	Zambia	1,449	2019		[55]
132	Guinea	1,418	2019		[55]
133	Gabon	1,321	2019		[55]
134	Cyprus	1,271	August 2020	200	[12]
135	Bhutan	1,238	2019		[55]
136	Slovenia	1,217	October 2020	200	[12]
137	Luxembourg	1,191	December 2020	34	[12]
138	Laos	1,068	2019		[55]
139	Curaçao	1,055	31 October 2019		[61] [p]
140	Fiji	1,043	2019		[55]
141	Niger	1,039	2015		[55] [ failed verification ]
142	Aruba	982	2019		[55]
143	Kosovo	965	2019		[55]
144	Malta	928	October 2020	30	[12]
145	Malawi	824	2019		[55]
146	Lesotho	774	2019		[55]
147	Barbados	772	2019		[55]
148	Maldives	762	2018		[55]
149	Cape Verde	737	2019		[55]
150	Palestine	683	August 2019	50	[12] [q]
151	Democratic Republic of the Congo	665	2018		[55]
152	Timor-Leste	656	2019		[55]
153	Suriname	647	2019	65	[55]
154	Mali	624	2015		[55] [ failed verification ]
155	Guyana	573	2019	50	[55]
156	Solomon Islands	571	2019		[55]
157	Seychelles	566	September 2020	31	[12]
158	Sierra Leone	532	2019		[55]
159	Vanuatu	511	2019		[55]
160	Djibouti	501	2019		[55]
161	San Marino	473	2019		[55]
162	Eswatini	440	2019		[55]
163	Republic of the Congo	423	2018		[55]
164	Syria	407	31 December 2017		[31]
165	Federated States of Micronesia	397	2019		[55]
166	Central African Republic	361	2018		[55]
167	Saint Kitts and Nevis	351	2018		[55]
168	Liberia	349	2019		[55]
169	Guinea-Bissau	332	2015		[55] [ failed verification ]
170	Antigua and Barbuda	279	2019		[55]
171	Belize	277	2019		[55]
172	Saint Lucia	260	2019		[55]
173	Yemen	245	31 December 2017		[31]
174	Grenada	236	2019		[55]
175	Tonga	229	2019		[55]
176	Togo	215	31 December 2017		[31]
177	Comoros	202	2019		[55]
178	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	193	2019		[55]
179	Eritrea	191	2019		[55]
180	Gambia	191	2018		[55]
181	Samoa	185	2019		[55]
182	Sudan	177	2017		[55]
183	Dominica	166	2019		[55]
184	Senegal	152	31 December 2017		[31]
185	Zimbabwe	151	2019		[55]
186	Chad	147	2018		[55]
187	Burundi	111	2019		[55]
188	South Sudan	68	2016		[55]
189	Benin	60	31 December 2017		[31]
190	Montserrat	49	31 December 2017		[31]
191	Equatorial Guinea	48	2018		[55]
192	Burkina Faso	45	31 December 2017		[31]
193	São Tomé and Príncipe	47	2019		[55]
194	Somalia	32	30 December 2017		[31]
195	Kiribati	6	2020		[26]

Timeline of the top 5 countries [edit]

The five countries with the largest foreign exchange reserves almost all have reserves of at least 500 billion USD and higher and have maintained such an amount for at least a week. At present there are only six countries whose reserves are at such a figure; this includes China, Japan, Switzerland, India, Russia and Taiwan. Saudi Arabia formerly included on the list until March 2020; its reserves were severely depleted by the low oil price during the economic fallout of from the global outbreak of coronavirus disease, its ongoing oil price war with Russia and competition from US shale oil.^[63]

The images below shows the timeline of their reserves since the earliest available forex data. The list is in accordance to their respective positions.

China

Foreign Exchange Reserves of China

The foreign-exchange reserves of China are the greatest of all countries and have been so for more than 14 years.^{[64] [65]} The main composition of Chinese forex reserves is approximately two-thirds USD and one-fifth Euros with the rest made up of Japanese Yen and the British Pound. China was the second country to reach $500 billion and the first to reach $1 trillion in reserves. China is also the only country that reached net reserves of $2 trillion and $3 trillion Chinese forex reserve reached over $3.993 trillion and possibly reached $4 trillion before July 2014 but there was no official figures to confirm it.

China began reducing its forex reserves in July 2014 over concerns that the forex reserve level was too high. The practice lasted one and a half years. In January 2017, Chinese forex reserves dipped below $3 trillion briefly and have since remained above that level.

Japan

Foreign Exchange Reserves of Japan

Japanese forex reserves are the second largest in the world. Japan was the first country to reach $500 billion in reserves and had the highest forex reserves in the world until they were surpassed by China in 2006. They have remained in second place since 2006 and above $1 trillion since 2008, being the second country to surpass $1 trillion.^[66]

Switzerland

Swiss forex reserves are the third largest in the world. Switzerland became the fifth country to reach $500 Billion in 2014 after Saudi Arabia and the third country to reach $1 trillion at the end of 2020. Swiss reserves are compiled in Swiss francs. The high reserves are mainly due to their historic high net trade surplus.

India

Foreign Exchange Reserves of India

The Foreign-exchange reserves of India are the fourth largest. On 4 June 2021 reserves exceeded $600 billion for the first time and they became the fifth country after Switzerland to do so.^[67] It is expected that India would reach $700 billion mark by the end of 2021. During the 1991 Indian economic crisis country only had $5 billion of reserves left which led to subsequent economic liberalisation. Since then the reserves have seen a 12,700% increase over 30 years.

Russia

Foreign Exchange Reserves of Russia

Russian reserves are the world's Fifth largest; They have reached a level of $600 billion on 21/05/2021. They were the third country to reach $500 billion.^[68] The first fall in reserves was due to the Great Recession, the second fall in 2015 was due to falling oil prices.

Currency composition of foreign exchange reserves [edit]

IMF releases the quarterly data on the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves. The data are reported to the IMF on a voluntary and confidential basis. As of Q4 2016, there are 146 reporters, consisting of IMF member countries, a number of non-member countries/economies, and other entities holding foreign exchange reserves. From Q4 2016, the data was expanded to include renminbi (RMB).^[69] Monetary gold is not covered in COFER but included in reserved assets, a broader scope than that of COFER.^[70]

Currency Composition of Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER)
(US Dollars, billions)^[69]

No.	Currency	Q4 2016	Q1 2017	Q2 2017	Q3 2017	Q4 2017	Q1 2018	Q2 2018	Q3 2018	Q4 2018	Q1 2019	Q2 2019	Q3 2019	Q4 2019	Q1 2020
1	USD	5,501.98	5,713.35	5,909.13	6,124.73	6,280.61	6,530.87	6,560.78	6,632.15	6,617.84	6,727.09	6,752.28	6,728.85	6,674.83	6,794.91
2	EUR	1,610.87	1,703.13	1,847.19	1,933.68	2,019.25	2,117.57	2,129.41	2,192.43	2,219.34	2,208.79	2,264.88	2,212.74	2,279.30	2,197.30
3	JPY	332.93	399.85	427.79	435.67	491.01	477.28	511.52	532.94	558.36	584.63	611.87	612.75	631.00	624.97
4	GBP	365.85	377.89	409.48	434.08	454.12	486.13	469.86	481.10	475.45	495.70	497.41	492.22	511.51	486.08
5	RMB	90.78	95.42	100.00	108.37	123.47	145.67	192.75	192.38	202.79	212.26	212.80	213.83	215.81	221.48
6	CAD	163.14	167.49	178.77	192.85	202.80	193.29	200.22	208.74	197.76	208.64	209.85	205.44	206.71	195.13
7	AUD	142.30	156.28	162.31	171.22	180.01	176.96	178.61	180.91	174.21	181.95	186.71	182.48	187.18	170.16
8	CHF	13.69	14.45	15.60	16.31	18.09	17.93	17.18	17.18	15.86	15.27	15.53	16.20	17.36	16.05
Other currencies		199.51	208.28	209.55	228.81	244.69	256.46	254.62	269.60	266.07	263.50	270.56	262.92	281.50	255.53
Unallocated Reserves		2,293.61	2,063.28	1,859.04	1,650.32	1,430.36	1,201.40	951.69	692.22	690.55	712.93	715.88	729.40	749.55	770.32
Total		10,714.68	10,899.42	11,118.86	11,296.05	11,444.41	11,603.57	11,466.63	11,399.66	11,418.24	11,610.77	11,737.76	11,656.82	11,824.74	11,731.94

See also [edit]

• List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves (excluding gold)
• List of circulating currencies

Notes [edit]

1. ^ increment & decrement icon of countries resets at end of month or till specific country releases its forex reserve data.
2. ^ Indian reports are released on a weekly basis rather than the traditional monthly basis with the figures being of the previous week, by Reserve Bank of India.
3. ^ Russian Federation releases both weekly and monthly data of its reserves.
4. ^ Known as the Republic of China
5. ^ Amount calculated on 30 Aug 2021 when 1sar : 0.2665 usd.
6. ^ Includes 261.499 million fine troy ounces of gold valued at a fixed price of $42.2222 per fine troy ounce. The US releases data on a weekly basis.
7. ^ Reserves held by the UK Government and Bank of England.
8. ^ Turkey releases both weekly and monthly data
9. ^ The Iranian government does not report the foreign exchange reserves as a matter of policy and all figures are estimates calculated by international or foreign institutes, which are occasionally endorsed by Iranian officials without disclosing the exact numbers.
10. ^ Not to be confused over 'Eurozone' ECB is the common bank of European countries that have opted for Euro as their common currency but eurozone includes the total amount of foreign reserves held by the different European countries central bank and provides collective data of all European members.
11. ^ Including gold reserves valued @ $1,878.67 per fine troy ounce calculated on 30 October 2020
12. ^ Sweden releases both weekly and monthly data
13. ^ Amount calculated on 31 December 2020 when 1 Kuwaiti Dinar: 3.29 USD
14. ^ Nigeria's number is of 30-day moving average.
15. ^ Kenya releases data on a weekly basis.
16. ^ Figure reported in NAf (ANG), and derived using currency peg of 1USD to 1.79ANG.^[62]
17. ^ Name in IMF data is "West Bank and Gaza".

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68. ^ "Russian Reserves March Toward $600 Billion As Sanction Threats Loom, Fitch Says". www.rferl.org.
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External links [edit]

• IMF's Data Template on International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity -- Reporting Countries
• IMF's SDDS subscribers with links to their websites containing data on international reserves
• Central bank and monetary authority websites at the Bank for International Settlements website

Top 10 Countries With Highest Forex Reserves

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign-exchange_reserves

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